If there is a woman who has never worried about the health of her breasts, chances are no one among her family or friends has had breast cancer. Chances are, too, she has never been told after a mammogram that her breasts are cystic or dense and difficult to examine, or that they contain tiny calcium deposits that are usually harmless but bear watching. The reality is that symptoms of breast disease are much more common than the occurrence of cancer, and knowing when to treat can be difficult. …

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Much has been learned about gestational diabetes and its possible effects on newborns and their mothers.

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It has long been known that vitamins must be obtained from sources outside the body — food and drink, and for vitamin D, exposure to sunlight — and that failing to get enough of a vitamin can result in well-defined and sometimes deadly diseases. But in recent decades, epidemiological studies have linked several nutrients, especially vitamins C and E, beta carotene and folic acid, to chronic ills including heart disease and cancer. That led people to take large doses in hopes of warding off di…

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Most breast lumps are benign, but they shouldn’t be ignored.

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Recent studies suggest considerable benefits from increased levels of B12, especially in adults over 50, but they cannot prove cause and effect.

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